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- Math Report
- Fractal Geometry
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- ôFractal Geometry is not just a chapter of mathematics, but one that
- helps everyman to see the same old world differently". - Benoit Mandelbrot
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- The world of mathematics usually tends to be thought of as abstract. Complex and imaginary numbers, real
- numbers, logarithms, functions, some tangible and others imperceivable. But these abstract numbers, simply
- symbols that conjure an image, a quantity, in our mind, and complex equations, take on a new meaning with
- fractals - a concrete one. Fractals go from being very simple equations on a piece of paper to colorful,
- extraordinary images, and most of all, offer an explanation to things. The importance of fractal geometry is that it
- provides an answer, a comprehension, to nature, the world, and the universe. Fractals occur in swirls of scum on
- the surface of moving water, the jagged edges of mountains, ferns, tree trunks, and canyons. They can be used to
- model the growth of cities, detail medical procedures and parts of the human body, create amazing computer
- graphics, and compress digital images. Fractals are about us, and our existence, and they are present in every
- mathematical law that governs the universe. Thus,
- fractal geometry can be applied to a diverse palette of subjects in life, and science - the physical, the abstract, and
- the natural.
- We were all astounded by the sudden revelation that the output of a very simple, two-line generating formula
- does not have to be a dry and cold abstraction. When the output was what is now called a fractal, no one called it
- artificial... Fractals suddenly broadened the realm in which understanding can be based on a plain physical basis.
- A fractal is a geometric shape that is complex and detailed at every level of magnification, as well as self-
- similar. Self-similarity is something looking the same over all ranges of scale, meaning a small portion of a fractal
- can be viewed as a microcosm of the larger fractal. One of the simplest examples of a fractal is the snowflake. It
- is constructed by taking an equilateral triangle, and after many iterations of adding smaller triangles to increasingly
- smaller sizes, resulting in
- a "snowflake" pattern, sometimes called the von Koch snowflake. The theoretical result of multiple iterations is the
- creation of a finite area with an infinite perimeter, meaning the dimension is incomprehensible. Fractals, before that
- word was coined, were simply considered above mathematical understanding, until experiments were done in the
- 1970's by Benoit Mandelbrot, the "father of fractal geometry". Mandelbrot developed a method that treated
- fractals as a part of
- standard Euclidean geometry, with the dimension of a fractal being an exponent. Fractals pack an infinity into "a
- grain of sand". This infinity appears when one tries to measure them. The resolution lies in regarding them as
- falling between dimensions. The dimension of a fractal in general is not a whole number, not an integer. So a
- fractal curve, a one-dimensional object in a plane which has two-dimensions, has a fractal dimension that lies
- between 1 and 2. Likewise, a fractal surface has a dimension between 2 and 3. The value depends on how the
- fractal is constructed.
- The closer the dimension of a fractal is to its possible upper limit which is the dimension of the space in
- which it is embedded, the rougher, the more filling of that space it is. Fractal Dimensions are an attempt to
- measure, or define the pattern, in fractals. A zero-dimensional universe is one point. A one-dimensional universe is
- a single line, extending infinitely. A two-dimensional universe is a plane, a flat surface extending in all directions,
- and a
- three-dimensional universe, such as ours, extends in all directions. All of these dimensions are defined by a whole
- number. What, then, would a 2.5 or 3.2 dimensional universe look like? This is answered by fractal geometry, the
- word fractal coming from the concept of fractional
- dimensions. A fractal lying in a plane has a dimension between 1 and 2. The closer the number is to 2, say 1.9,
- the more space it would fill. Three-dimensional fractal mountains can be generated using a random number
- sequence, and those with a dimension of 2.9 (very close to the
- upper limit of 3) are incredibly jagged. Fractal mountains with a dimension of 2.5 are less jagged, and a dimension
- of 2.2 presents a model of about what is found in nature. The spread in spatial frequency of a landscape is directly
- related to it's fractal dimension.
- Some of the best applications of fractals in modern technology are digital image compression and virtual
- reality rendering. First of all, the beauty of fractals makes them a key element in computer graphics, adding flare to
- simple text, and texture to plain backgrounds. In 1987 a mathematician named Michael F. Barnsley created a
- computer program called the Fractal Transform, which detected fractal codes in real-world images, such as pictures
- which have
- been scanned and converted into a digital format. This spawned fractal image compression, which is used in a
- plethora of computer applications, especially in the areas of video, virtual reality, and graphics. The basic nature of
- fractals is what makes them so useful. If someone was
- rendering a virtual reality environment, each leaf on every tree and every rock on every mountain would have to be
- stored. Instead, a simple equation can be used to generate any level of detail needed. A complex landscape can be
- stored in the form of a few equations in less than 1
- kilobyte, 1/1440 of a 3.25" disk, as opposed to the same landscape being stored as 2.5 megabytes of image data
- (almost 2 full 3.25" disks). Fractal image compression is a major factor for making the "multimedia revolution" of
- the 1990's take place.
- Another use for fractals is in mapping the shapes of cities and their growth. Researchers have begun to
- examine the possibility of using mathematical forms called fractals to capture the irregular shapes of developing
- cities. Such efforts may eventually lead to models that would enable urban architects to improve the reliability of
- types of branched or irregular structures... The fractal mapping of cities comes from the concept of self-similarity.
- The number of cities and towns, obviously a city being larger and a town being smaller, can be linked. For a given
- area there are a few large settlements, and many more smaller ones, such as towns and villages.
- This could be represented in a pattern such as 1 city, to 2 smaller cities, 4 smaller towns, 8 still smaller villages - a
- definite pattern, based on common sense. To develop fractal models that could be applied to urban development,
- Barnsley and his collaborators turned to techniques first used in statistical physics to describe the agglomeration of
- randomly wandering particles in two-dimensional clusters...'Our view about the shape and form of cities is that
- their irregularity and messiness are simply a superficial manifestation of a deeper order'.
- Thus, fractals are used again to try to find a pattern in visible chaos. Using a process called "correlated
- percolation", very accurate representations of city growth can be achieved. The best successes with the fractal
- city researchers have been Berlin and London, where a very exact mathematical relationship that included
- exponential equations was able to closely model the actual city growth. The end theory is that central planning has
- only a limited effect on cities - that people will continue to live where they want to, as if drawn there naturally -
- fractally.
- There has been a struggle since the beginning of his existence to find the meaning of life. Usually, it was
- answered with religion, and a "god". Fractals are a sort of god of the universe, and prove that we do live in a very
- mathematical world. But, fractals, from their definition of complex natural patterns to models of growth, seem to
- be proving that we are in a finite, definable universe, and that is why fractals are not only about mathematics, but
- about seemingly about humans.
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